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Population growth
- Population of the UK and EnglandThe number of people living in the UK since 1700, and in England since 1086.
- Population growth rate in the UKAnnual change in the UK's population, from the middle of one year to the middle of the next.
- Population growth in the UK by decadeAverage annual growth of the UK's population in each decade, since the 1700s.
- Number of men and women in the UKPopulation of the UK by sex.
- Population change in the UK from births, deaths and migrationBirths minus deaths (natural change), and net migration: people moving to the UK for at least a year, minus those leaving.
- Population growth by local authority, 2015 to 2025Change in each area's population between mid-2015 and mid-2025.
- Population by local authorityThe number of people living in each local authority, in the middle of each year.
- Projected population of the UKONS's estimates of the UK population to 2025 (solid line), and its projections to 2074 under different assumptions about migration (dashed lines).
Age structure
- Population pyramid of the UKThe number of men and women in each five-year age group.
- Population of the UK by age groupThe number of people in each age group, with central projections from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) to 2074.
- Share of the UK population aged 65 and over, and 80 and overShare of the population in each age group, with central projections from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) to 2074.
- Median age of the UK populationThe age at which half the population is older, and half is younger.
- Dependency ratios in the UKChildren (aged 0 to 15) and older people (65 and over) per 100 people of working age (16 to 64).
- Median age by local authorityThe age at which half the people living in each area are older, and half are younger.
- Share aged 65 and over by local authorityShare of each area's population aged 65 and over.
Births and fertility rates
- Fertility rate in the UKThe average number of children a woman would have over her lifetime, at the birth rates of each year.
- Fertility rate in England and Wales, Scotland and Northern IrelandThe average number of children a woman would have over her lifetime, at the birth rates of each year.
- Number of births in the UKLive births each year, in the UK and in England and Wales.
- Birth rate in the UKLive births each year per 1,000 people in the population.
- Fertility rates by age of mother in England and WalesLive births each year per 1,000 women in each age group.
- Average age of mothers in England and WalesStandardised mean age of mothers at their first birth, and at all births.
- Share of births in the UK from IVFBabies born after IVF treatment at UK clinics, as a share of all live births in the UK.
- Fertility rate by mother's country of birth in England and Wales, 2021The average number of children a woman would have over her lifetime, at the birth rates of that year, by the country she was born in.
- Fertility rate by how deprived an area is, ScotlandThe average number of children a woman would have over her lifetime, at the birth rates of each year, by how deprived the area she lives in is.
- Fertility rate by local authority, 2025The average number of children a woman would have over her lifetime, at the birth rates of 2025, by where the mother lives.
- Fertility rate in the UK and other countriesThe average number of children a woman would have over her lifetime, at the birth rates of each year.
Life expectancy
- Life expectancy in the UK since 1543Period life expectancy at birth, for men and women combined.
- Life expectancy in the UK and other countriesPeriod life expectancy at birth, in years, for men and women combined.
- Life expectancy of women and men in England and Wales since 1841Period life expectancy at birth, in years.
- Life expectancy of men across the UKPeriod life expectancy at birth for men, in years.
- How long women in the UK can expect to live, at different agesThe average age women can expect to live to: at birth, and if they have already reached 65, 75 or 85.
- Life expectancy, median and most common age at death of women in the UKThree ways of measuring women's lifespans, in years, based on death rates at each age.
- Chance of women in the UK reaching older agesShare of newborn girls who would live to each age, if death rates stayed as they were in each period.
- Period and cohort life expectancy of women in the UKLife expectancy at birth for girls, in years, measured two ways.
- Life expectancy of men by local authorityPeriod life expectancy at birth for men, in years.
- Life expectancy of men by area deprivation in England, 2022–2024Period life expectancy at birth for men, by tenths of areas from most to least deprived.
- The gap in life expectancy between the most and least deprived areasDifference in life expectancy at birth, in years, between the least and most deprived areas.
Migration
- Net migration to the UKThe number of people moving to the UK for at least a year, minus the number leaving for at least a year.
- Immigration and emigrationThe number of people moving to the UK (immigration) and leaving the UK (emigration) for at least a year.
- Net migration rateNet migration per 1,000 people in the UK population. This adjusts for the growing size of the population.
- Net migration to England and the UK since 1541People moving to the country each year, minus those leaving, per 1,000 people in its population. Positive values mean more people arrived than left; negative values mean more people left than arrived.
- Net migration to the UK by nationalityImmigration minus emigration, by nationality. Negative values mean more people of that nationality left than arrived.
- Why non-EU nationals move to the UKLong-term immigration of non-EU nationals by the main reason for coming, in the 12 months to June and December each year.
- Work and study immigration: main applicants and dependantsNon-EU nationals arriving on work and study visas, split into main applicants and the family members (dependants) who came with them, in the 12 months to June and December.
- Top 10 non-EU nationalities moving to the UKLong-term immigration in the year ending December 2025, by nationality and reason for coming.
- Visas granted by routeEntry clearance visas issued to people outside the UK each year, by type of visa. Excludes visitor and transit visas.
- Asylum applications in the UKThe number of asylum applications made in the UK each year: main applicants, and the total including family members on their claims.
- Asylum grant rate at initial decisionShare of initial decisions on asylum claims that resulted in a grant of protection or other leave to remain.
- People arriving in the UK on small boatsNumber of people detected arriving in the UK on small boats crossing the English Channel, each year.
- Asylum seekers receiving support, by type of accommodationNumber of people receiving Home Office asylum support at the end of each quarter, by the accommodation they live in.
- Small boat arrivals as a share of immigration to the UKPeople detected arriving in the UK on small boats, as a share of all long-term immigration to the UK, each year.
- Share of the UK population born abroadPeople living in the UK who were born in another country, as a share of the total population.
- Share of the population born abroad and share of adults who were victims of violenceThe share of the UK population born in another country, and the share of adults in England and Wales who were victims of violent crime in the previous year.
- Share of the population born abroad: UK compared with other countriesPeople born in another country as a share of each country's population, 2024.
- Refugees living in the UK and other countries, per 1,000 peoplePeople who fled their own country and have been given protection in the country they now live in, per 1,000 people living there.
- Number of people living in the UK who were born abroadEstimated population of the UK born outside the UK, by whether they were born in the EU or outside it.
Economic growth and productivity
- GDP of the UK since 1700Gross domestic product, adjusted for inflation, in 2024 prices.
- Average annual GDP growth in the UK, by decadeAverage yearly growth in gross domestic product, adjusted for inflation, in each decade since the 1700s.
- Annual GDP growth in the UKChange in gross domestic product from the previous year, adjusted for inflation.
- GDP per person in England and the UK since 1270Gross domestic product per person, adjusted for inflation, in 2024 prices.
- GDP per person in the UK to pre-2008 trendGross domestic product per person, adjusted for inflation, in 2024 prices, and where it would be if it had kept growing at its 1955–2007 average rate (2.3% a year).
- Median weekly pay of full-time employees in the UKMedian gross weekly earnings of full-time employees in April each year, adjusted for inflation, in April 2026 prices.
- Average wages in England and the UK since 1209Average weekly earnings, adjusted for inflation, and given in 2025 prices.
- Productivity in the UK since 1856Output per hour worked, adjusted for inflation, as an index: 2023 = 100.
- Productivity in the UK: previous and new measuresOutput per hour worked, as an index: the 1997–2007 average = 100.
- GDP per person in the UK and other countriesGross domestic product per person, adjusted for inflation and for differences in prices between countries, in international dollars at 2021 prices.
- GDP per person in the UK and other countriesGross domestic product per person, adjusted for inflation and for differences in prices between countries, in international dollars at 2011 prices.
- Productivity in the UK and other countriesOutput (GDP) per hour worked, adjusted for inflation and for differences in prices between countries. This is given in international dollars at 2021 prices.
Employment and wages
- Unemployment rate in the UK since 1760Share of economically active people who are unemployed: without a job, having looked for work in the past four weeks, and available to start within the next two weeks.
- Unemployment rate of men and women in the UKShare of economically active people aged 16 and over who are unemployed: without a job, having looked for work in the past four weeks, and available to start within the next two weeks.
- Unemployment rate by age in the UKShare of economically active people in each age group who are unemployed: without a job, having looked for work in the past four weeks, and available to start within the next two weeks.
- Median weekly pay of full-time employees, by region and nationMedian gross weekly pay of full-time employees in April, by where they live, adjusted for inflation, in April 2025 prices.
- Median weekly pay of full-time employees, by local authorityMedian gross weekly pay of full-time employees in April, by where they live, adjusted for inflation, in April 2025 prices.
- The minimum wage in the UK, adjusted for inflationHourly minimum wage for adults in force each April, adjusted for inflation, in April 2026 prices.
- Minimum wage rates in the UK by age, from April 2026Minimum hourly pay, by age.
- Share of jobs in each sector in the UK since 1861Share of all jobs in agriculture, industry, construction and services.
- Jobs by sector in the UKNumber of workforce jobs in each sector, in June each year.
- Share of jobs in manufacturing, by region and nationShare of all workforce jobs in each region and nation, in June each year.
Taxation
- Tax as a share of GDP in the UKTaxes, and all public sector receipts, as a share of gross domestic product (GDP).
- How much each tax raises in the UKReceipts from each of the main taxes, adjusted for inflation, in 2025-26 prices.
- Where UK tax revenue comes from, 2025-26Each tax's share of all taxes raised in the UK.
- Tax as a share of GDP in the UK and other countriesTotal tax revenue, including social security contributions, as a share of gross domestic product (GDP).
- Where tax revenue comes from in the UK and other countriesShare of total tax revenue from each type of tax, in each country's latest year (mostly 2024).
- Share of income tax paid by the highest and lowest earnersShare of all income tax paid by the top 1% and top 10% of taxpayers by income, and by the bottom half.
- Number of income taxpayers in the UKAll income taxpayers, and those whose highest rate of tax is the higher or additional rate.
- Taxes paid as a share of household income, 2023-24Direct and indirect taxes as a share of gross household income, by tenth of people ranked by household income, from poorest to richest.
- Council tax by local authority, 2026-27Average council tax for a Band D property, including precepts for police, fire and parish or community councils.
- Income tax and National Insurance rates on earnings, 2026-27The marginal rate (tax on each extra pound earned) and average rate (share of all earnings paid in tax), for an employee, by annual earnings.
- Income tax rates in the UK since 1973The basic rate, higher rate and top rate of income tax on earnings.
- Income tax thresholds, adjusted for inflationThe personal allowance (where income tax starts) and the higher-rate threshold (where the 40% rate starts), in 2026-27 prices.
- VAT, corporation tax and National Insurance rates in the UKThe standard rate of VAT, the main rate of corporation tax, and the main rate of National Insurance paid by employees.
Public spending
- Public spending in the UKTotal managed expenditure, adjusted for inflation, in 2025-26 prices.
- Public spending and revenue as a share of GDP in the UKTotal managed expenditure and public sector current receipts, as a share of gross domestic product (GDP). The gap between them is roughly what the government borrows.
- Where UK public money comes from and where it goes, 2025-26Public sector receipts and borrowing, and what the money was spent on, in £ billion.
- What the UK government spends money on, 2025-26Public spending on services, by function. Each rectangle's size shows how much is spent on it.
- Pensions: public spending in the UKPublic spending each financial year, adjusted for inflation to 2025-26 prices.
- Public spending by function in the UKPublic spending on services, adjusted for inflation, in 2025-26 prices.
- Public spending on the main functions in the UK since 1900, as a share of GDPSpending on defence, social security, health, education and debt interest, as a share of gross domestic product (GDP).
- What local authorities in England spend money on, 2026-27Budgeted day-to-day spending by local authorities on each service, after income from fees and charges.
- Local authority spending in England by serviceDay-to-day spending by local authorities on the main services, adjusted for inflation, in 2025-26 prices.
- Council spending by local authority area in England, 2026-27Councils' budgeted day-to-day spending, after income from fees and charges. In areas with county and district councils, both are counted.
- Council spending per person by local authority area in England, 2026-27Councils' budgeted day-to-day spending per resident, after income from fees and charges. In areas with county and district councils, both are counted.
- What councils in Scotland spend money on, 2026-27Budgeted day-to-day spending by Scotland's 32 councils on each service, after income from fees, charges and ring-fenced grants.
- Council spending in Scotland by serviceCouncils' day-to-day spending on the main services, adjusted for inflation, in 2025-26 prices.
- Council spending per person by council area in Scotland, 2026-27Councils' budgeted day-to-day spending per resident, after income from fees, charges and ring-fenced grants.
- What councils in Wales spend money on, 2026-27Budgeted day-to-day spending by Wales's 22 councils on each service, after income from fees and charges.
- Council spending in Wales by serviceCouncils' day-to-day spending on the main services, adjusted for inflation, in 2025-26 prices.
- Council spending per person by council area in Wales, 2026-27Councils' budgeted day-to-day spending per resident, after income from fees and charges.
Pensions
- The full State Pension, adjusted for inflationFull weekly rate of the basic and new State Pension for a single person, in April 2026 prices.
- The State Pension as a share of earningsFull weekly State Pension for a single person, as a share of median full-time weekly earnings.
- State Pension age in the UKThe age at which men and women can claim the State Pension, including rises set out in law.
- Spending on the State Pension as a share of GDPGovernment spending on the State Pension, and on all benefits for pensioners, as a share of GDP.
- Number of people of State Pension age in the UKPeople at or above State Pension age, with ONS projections.
- Share of employees saving into a workplace pensionShare of eligible employees in Great Britain with a workplace pension, in the public and private sectors.
- Workplace pensions by typeShare of employees in the UK with each type of workplace pension.
- Total saved into workplace pensions each yearContributions by eligible employees and their employers, and tax relief, in Great Britain, adjusted for earnings growth (2025 terms).
- Where pensioners' income comes fromAverage gross weekly income of pensioner couples and single pensioners, by source, in 2024-25 prices.
- Incomes of pensioners and working-age adultsMedian household income, adjusted for household size, before housing costs, in 2024-25 prices.
- Average age people stop working in the UKAverage age at which people leave the labour market, for men and women.
- Share of older people in workEmployment rates of people aged 50 to 64 and 65 and over in the UK.
- Public spending on pensions in the UK and other countriesGovernment spending on pensions for older people and survivors, as a share of GDP.
- How much of their earnings pensions will replace in the UK and other countriesPension as a share of earnings before retirement, for an average earner starting work today, by type of pension.
- Pension age for men starting work todayThe age at which a man who starts work at 22 in 2024 can get a full pension, under current laws.
- Average age men stop working in the UK and other countriesAverage age at which men aged 40 and over leave the labour market.
- Number of older people per 100 working-age peoplePeople aged 65 and over for every 100 people aged 20 to 64, with UN projections to 2100.
Poverty
- Share of people in relative poverty in the UKShare of people in households with incomes below 60% of the country's median household income, after housing costs.
- Share of people in absolute poverty in the UKShare of people in households with incomes below a fixed poverty line, adjusted for inflation, after housing costs.
- Number of people in relative poverty in the UKNumber of people (millions) in households with incomes below 60% of the median, after housing costs.
- Child poverty rate by region and nationShare of people in households with incomes below 60% of the UK median. Three-year averages.
- Share of children in relative poverty by local authorityShare of children under 16 in families with incomes below 60% of the UK median, before housing costs.
- Share of households in fuel poverty in EnglandHouseholds in homes with an energy efficiency rating of D or below, whose income after housing and energy costs is below the poverty line.
- Share of households in fuel poverty, by each nation's own measureEngland, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland each define fuel poverty differently, so their rates are not comparable.
- Share of households in fuel poverty by local authority in EnglandHouseholds in homes with an energy efficiency rating of D or below, whose income after housing and energy costs is below the poverty line.
- Share of households in fuel poverty by council area in Scotland, 2022–2024Households that need more than 10% of their income after housing costs for fuel, and are left below an acceptable standard of living.
- Share of households in fuel poverty by council area in Northern Ireland, 2023Households that would need to spend more than 10% of their income on fuel to heat their home adequately.
- Emergency food parcels given out by Trussell food banks in the UKNumber of emergency food parcels each year. Each parcel is around three days' food for one person.
- Share of people in food insecure households in the UKShare of people in households with low or very low food security in the past 30 days. This is measured by asking households whether, in the past 30 days, they worried about food running out, ate less, or skipped meals because they didn't have enough money.
- Share of households that are food insecure, by region and nation, 2025Share of people in households with low or very low food security in the past 30 days. This is measured by asking households whether, in the past 30 days, they worried about food running out, ate less, or skipped meals because they didn't have enough money.
Inequality
- Income inequality in the UKGini coefficient of household disposable income, from 0 (perfect equality) to 100 (one person has all income).
- Share of income going to the richest and the poorest in the UKShare of pre-tax national income received by the richest 10%, 1% and 0.1% of adults, and by the poorest 50%.
- Income inequality before and after taxes and benefitsGini coefficient of household income at each stage of the tax and benefit system, from 0 (perfect equality) to 100.
- Share of income going to the richest 10%, before and after taxShare of national income, before taxes and benefits (pre-tax) and after them (post-tax disposable income).
- Income inequality in Scotland, Northern Ireland and the UKGini coefficient of household income before housing costs, from 0 (perfect equality) to 100, averaged over three years.
- Share of wealth owned by the richest and the poorest in the UKShare of net personal wealth owned by the richest 10%, 1% and 0.1% of adults, and by the poorest 50%.
- Wealth inequality in Great Britain by type of wealthGini coefficient of household wealth, from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (one household owns everything).
- Household wealth in Great Britain by typeTotal household wealth in Great Britain, in £ billion, not adjusted for inflation.
- Household wealth by type for each tenth of households, Great Britain, 2020–2022Total wealth held by each tenth of households, from least to most wealthy, in £ billion.
- Household income at each age, by decade of birthMedian household disposable income at each age, for people born in each decade, adjusted for inflation (in 2017/18 prices).
- Income inequality in the UK and other high-income countriesGini coefficient of household disposable income (after taxes and benefits), from 0 (perfect equality) to 100.
Housing
- Average house price in the UK, adjusted for inflationAverage price paid for a home each year, in 2025 pounds (adjusted for consumer price inflation).
- Average house price by nation and regionAverage price paid for a home each year, not adjusted for inflation.
- House price growth over the past yearPercentage change in the average house price compared with the same month a year earlier.
- House prices paid by first-time buyers and existing ownersAverage price paid by first-time buyers, and by people who already owned a home, Great Britain.
- House prices compared with earningsMedian house price divided by median annual earnings of full-time workers.
- House prices compared with earnings, by local authorityRatio of median house price to median annual earnings of full-time workers, England and Wales.
- Average monthly private rentAverage monthly rent paid by private renters, across all existing and new tenancies.
- Average private rent by local authorityAverage monthly private rent, England and Wales local authorities, in September each year.
- Mortgage interest ratesAverage quoted interest rates on new mortgages, by type, UK.
- New homes built in EnglandPermanent dwellings completed each year, by private developers, housing associations and local councils.
- Net additional homes in EnglandThe net increase in the number of homes each year, including new builds and conversions, minus demolitions.
- New homes built in the UK, by nationPermanent dwellings completed each financial year (April to March).
- Who owns and rents homes in EnglandShare of households that own their home, rent privately or rent from a council or housing association.
- Home ownership among 25 to 34 year oldsShare of households in England where the household reference person is in this age group, by tenure.
- Households living in temporary accommodation in EnglandNumber of households placed in temporary accommodation by councils because they are homeless, at the end of each quarter.
- Number of people sleeping rough in EnglandThe number of people estimated to be sleeping rough on a single night in autumn each year.
- Households on social housing waiting lists in EnglandNumber of households on councils' waiting lists for social housing.
Child and maternal health
- Infant mortality in England and WalesDeaths of babies before their first birthday, per 1,000 live births, split into deaths in the first 28 days (neonatal) and later in the first year (postneonatal).
- Stillbirth rate in England and WalesBabies born with no signs of life at 24 weeks of pregnancy or later, per 1,000 total births.
- Child death rates in England and WalesDeaths of children at each age, per 100,000 children of that age.
- Infant mortality in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern IrelandDeaths of babies before their first birthday, per 1,000 live births.
- Infant mortality by local authorityDeaths of babies before their first birthday, per 1,000 live births, over three years.
- Infant mortality by area deprivation in England, 2024Deaths of babies before their first birthday, per 1,000 live births, by tenths of areas from most to least deprived.
- Infant mortality by ethnic group in England and Wales, 2022–2024Deaths of babies before their first birthday, per 1,000 live births, by the baby's ethnic group.
- What babies in England and Wales die from, 2024Number of deaths of babies before their first birthday, by cause.
- Causes of stillbirth in the UK, 2024Number of stillbirths (babies born with no signs of life at 24 weeks of pregnancy or later), by cause.
- What children aged 1 to 15 in England and Wales die from, 2024Number of deaths of children aged 1 to 15, by cause.
- Maternal mortality in the UKWomen who died during pregnancy or within six weeks of its end, from causes related to the pregnancy, per 100,000 women giving birth.
- Maternal mortality by ethnic group in EnglandWomen who died during pregnancy or within six weeks of its end, per 100,000 women giving birth.
- Maternal mortality by area deprivation in EnglandWomen who died during pregnancy or within six weeks of its end, per 100,000 women giving birth, by how deprived the area they lived in is.
- What women in the UK died from during and after pregnancyNumber of women who died during pregnancy or within six weeks of its end, by cause, in 2022 to 2024.
- Share of births by caesarean section in EnglandShare of deliveries in NHS hospitals by caesarean section, and whether the caesarean was planned (elective) or an emergency.
- Share of births by caesarean section across UK nationsShare of births or deliveries by caesarean section, in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
- Share of births by caesarean section by ethnic group in England, 2024-25Share of deliveries in NHS hospitals by planned (elective) and emergency caesarean section, by the mother's ethnic group.
- Share of births by caesarean section by local authority in England, 2024-25Share of deliveries in NHS hospitals by caesarean section, by where the mother lives.
- Infant mortality in the UK and other countriesDeaths of babies before their first birthday, per 1,000 live births.
- Stillbirth rates in the UK and other countriesBabies born with no signs of life at 28 weeks of pregnancy or later, per 1,000 total births (live births and stillbirths).
- Maternal mortality in the UK and other countriesWomen who die from causes related to pregnancy or childbirth, during pregnancy or within 42 days of its end, per 100,000 live births.
- Caesarean births in the UK and other countriesCaesarean sections as a share of live births.
- Child mortality in the UK since 1841Deaths of children before their fifth birthday, per 1,000 live births.
Obesity
- Share of adults who are overweight or obese in EnglandShare of adults aged 16 and over, by body mass index (BMI) measured in the Health Survey for England.
- Share of men and women who are obese in EnglandShare of adults aged 16 and over with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more.
- Share of adults who are obese in England, Scotland and Northern IrelandShare of adults aged 16 and over with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more, from each nation's health survey.
- Share of adults who are obese by local authority in EnglandShare of adults aged 18 and over with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more, estimated from self-reported height and weight.
- Share of children who are obese in EnglandShare of children in Reception and Year 6 who are obese, measured at school each school year.
- Share of children in Year 6 who are obese by local authority in EnglandShare of children aged 10 to 11 who are obese, measured at school each school year.
- Share of adults who are obese by area deprivation in England, 2024Share with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more, by fifths of neighbourhoods from most to least deprived. Adjusted for differences in age.
- Obesity among children in Year 6 in the most and least deprived areas of EnglandShare of children aged 10 to 11 who are obese, in the most and least deprived tenths of neighbourhoods.
- Share of adults who are obese by ethnic group in EnglandShare with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more, 2022 and 2024 combined. Adjusted for differences in age.
- Share of children in Year 6 who are obese by ethnic group in England, 2025/26Share of children aged 10 to 11 who are obese, measured at school.
Smoking
- Share of adults who smoke in Great BritainShare of adults aged 16 and over who smoke cigarettes.
- Share of adults who smoke by age in Great BritainShare of adults in each age group who smoke cigarettes.
- Share of adults who smoke in the UK's nationsShare of adults aged 18 and over who smoke cigarettes.
- Share of adults who smoke by local authorityShare of adults aged 18 and over who smoke cigarettes, averaged over five years.
- Smoking among 11 to 15 year olds in EnglandShare of secondary school pupils aged 11 to 15 who have ever smoked, who smoke regularly, and regular smokers among 15 year olds.
- Vaping and smoking among 11 to 15 year olds in EnglandShare of secondary school pupils aged 11 to 15 who currently vape, and who currently smoke.
- Share of adults who vape in Great BritainShare of adults aged 16 and over who currently use an e-cigarette, daily or occasionally.
- Share of adults who smoke, vape, or both, in Great BritainShare of adults aged 16 and over who smoke cigarettes, vape, or do both.
- Share of adults who use tobacco in the UK and other high-income countriesShare of people aged 15 and over who smoke or use other tobacco products, adjusted for differences in age structure.
Energy production and consumption
- Primary energy consumption in the UK by sourceEnergy consumed each year, in terawatt-hours, by the source of the energy.
- Energy consumption per person in the UKPrimary energy (before conversion and losses) and final energy (delivered to users) per person each year, in kilowatt-hours.
- Primary energy consumption per person in the UK and other countriesPrimary energy consumed each year per person, in kilowatt-hours.
- Energy intensity of the UK economyPrimary energy consumed per £1,000 of GDP, in kilowatt-hours (GDP adjusted for inflation, in 2023 prices).
- Final energy consumption in the UK by sectorEnergy delivered to users each year, in terawatt-hours.
- How energy flows through the UK, 2025From the sources of primary energy, through conversion into fuels and electricity, to the energy used in each sector and how much of it does something useful, in terawatt-hours. More than half of the energy is wasted along the way.
- Electricity generation in the UK by sourceElectricity generated each year, in terawatt-hours.
- Electricity consumption in the UK by sectorElectricity used each year by final users, in terawatt-hours.
- Electricity consumption in the UKElectricity used each year by final users (homes, businesses, industry and transport), in terawatt-hours.
- Final energy consumption per person by local authorityFinal energy consumed each year in each area by homes, businesses, industry and road transport, per person, in kilowatt-hours.
- Net electricity exports from each UK nationElectricity each nation sends to the rest of the UK and to Europe, minus what it receives, in terawatt-hours. Negative values are net imports.
- Renewable electricity generation compared with electricity use in each UK nationElectricity generated from renewable sources in each nation as a share of the electricity it consumes.
Energy prices
- Petrol and diesel pricesAverage pump price in January each year, in pence per litre, adjusted for inflation to 2025 prices.
- Household energy prices, adjusted for inflationReal price index for each fuel, where 1990 = 100. A value of 200 means prices have doubled compared with prices in general.
- Average household energy billsAverage annual bill for a home using 3,400 kWh of electricity and 11,200 kWh of gas, adjusted for inflation to 2025 prices.
- What makes up a typical household energy billAnnual bill at Ofgem's price cap for a typical home using gas and electricity, paying by direct debit, adjusted for inflation to 2025 prices.
- Electricity prices for households and businessesAverage price per kilowatt-hour, in pence, adjusted for inflation to 2025 prices.
- Energy prices paid by manufacturing industryAverage price per kilowatt-hour, in pence, adjusted for inflation to 2025 prices.
- Household electricity prices in the UK and EU countriesAverage price per kilowatt-hour for medium household consumers, in pence, including taxes.
- Spending on the Winter Fuel PaymentGovernment spending on the Winter Fuel Payment each financial year, adjusted for inflation to 2026/27 prices. Great Britain to 2023/24; England and Wales from 2024/25.
Greenhouse gas emissions
- Annual CO₂ emissions in the UKAnnual carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuels and industry, in million tonnes. This is based on territorial emissions, and does not adjust for trade.
- CO₂ emissions per person in the UKAnnual carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels and industry, measured in tonnes per person.
- Territorial CO₂ emissions per personAnnual carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels and industry produced in each country, per person. This is based on emissions within a country's borders.
- The UK's share of global CO₂ emissionsThe UK's share of the world's carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuels and industry: in a given year, and its total cumulative emissions since 1750.
- Share of the world's cumulative CO₂ emissionsEach country's share of all CO₂ emitted from fossil fuels and industry since 1750.
- Greenhouse gas emissions in the UKAnnual territorial emissions of all greenhouse gases, in million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents.
- Greenhouse gas emissions in the UK by gasAnnual territorial emissions, in million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents.
- Greenhouse gas emissions in the UK by sectorAnnual territorial emissions, in million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents.
- Share of UK greenhouse gas emissions by sector, 2025Share of the UK's territorial greenhouse gas emissions from each sector.
- Greenhouse gas emissions per person in the UK's nationsAnnual territorial emissions per person, in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents.
- Share of greenhouse gas emissions by sector in the UK's nations, 2024Share of each nation's territorial greenhouse gas emissions from each sector.
- Greenhouse gas emissions in Scotland by sectorAnnual territorial emissions, in million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents.
- Greenhouse gas emissions per person by local authorityAnnual territorial emissions per person, in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents.
- Greenhouse gas emissions in Birmingham by sectorAnnual territorial emissions, in thousand tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents.
- Consumption-based and territorial greenhouse gas emissions in the UKTerritorial emissions are produced within the UK. Consumption-based emissions are produced to make the goods and services people in the UK use, wherever in the world they were produced.
- The UK's consumption-based emissions: produced in the UK and importedGreenhouse gas emissions from the goods and services people in the UK use, by where they were produced, in million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents.
Air pollution
- Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the UK's airAnnual average concentration, in micrograms per cubic metre (µg/m³), at monitoring stations of each type.
- Days with moderate or higher air pollution in UK towns and citiesAverage number of days a year, per urban monitoring station, when pollution reached 'Moderate' or higher on the Daily Air Quality Index.
- Emissions of air pollutants in the UK, compared with 1990Each year's emissions as a percentage of the 1990 level.
- Emissions of air pollutants in the UK since 1750Measured in tonnes per year.
- Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in UK citiesAnnual average concentration, in micrograms per cubic metre (µg/m³). Estimated with a climate model, adjusted to satellite data.
- Emissions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the UK, by sourceThousand tonnes a year.
- Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) where you liveAverage PM2.5 concentration people are exposed to, in micrograms per cubic metre (µg/m³), English regions and local authorities.
- Share of deaths linked to air pollution, by local authorityEstimated share of deaths among adults aged 30 and over attributable to long-term exposure to PM2.5, England.
- Share of monitoring stations in England meeting the 2040 PM2.5 targetShare of stations where the annual average PM2.5 concentration was 10 µg/m³ or lower.
- Change in people's exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in England since 2018Percentage change in average population exposure to PM2.5 compared with 2018, the baseline for England's 2040 target.
Crime
- Crime in England and Wales: survey estimates and police recordsEstimated number of crimes experienced by households and adults (Crime Survey), and the number of crimes recorded by the police. Both exclude fraud and computer misuse.
- Crime experienced by people in England and WalesEstimated number of incidents experienced by adults or households, from the Crime Survey for England and Wales. Includes crimes not reported to the police.
- Fraud and computer misuse are now around half of all crimeEstimated number of crimes experienced by adults in England and Wales, by type, from the Crime Survey.
- Share of people who were victims of crimePercentage of adults (or households, for household crimes) who were victims of at least one crime in the past year, from the Crime Survey for England and Wales.
- Crimes recorded by the police in England and Wales since 1898Number of offences recorded by the police each year, excluding fraud. Changes in what counts as a crime and how it is recorded mean the long-run trend should be read with care.
- Crime recorded by the police in England and WalesNumber of offences recorded by the police each year.
- Knife crime recorded by the policeNumber of selected violent and sexual offences involving a knife or sharp instrument, England and Wales, excluding Greater Manchester.
- Crime rate by police force areaOffences recorded by the police per 1,000 residents.
- Crime rate in England and Wales's largest citiesOffences recorded by the police per 1,000 residents. Areas are local authorities.
- Crime rate by London boroughOffences recorded by the police per 1,000 residents.
- Knife crime rate by police force areaSelected violent and sexual offences involving a knife or sharp instrument recorded by the police, per 100,000 residents.
- Crime rate in England and Wales's largest police forcesOffences recorded by the police per 1,000 residents, in years ending March.
- Homicide rate in England and WalesHomicides (murder, manslaughter and infanticide) per million people, by the year the police recorded them.
- Homicide rates in the UK and other countriesIntentional homicides per million people.
- Homicide rates in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern IrelandHomicides per million people.
- Share of crimes that lead to a chargePercentage of offences recorded by the police in England and Wales that resulted in someone being charged or summonsed to court.
- Share of people who think crime has gone upPercentage of adults in England and Wales who think crime has gone up in the past few years, in the country as a whole and in their local area.
- Crimes recorded by the police in ScotlandNumber of crimes recorded by the police in Scotland each year.
- Crime recorded by the police in Northern IrelandNumber of crimes recorded by the Police Service of Northern Ireland each year (April to March).
- Crime rate by council area in ScotlandCrimes recorded by the police per 1,000 residents.
- Crime rate by policing district in Northern IrelandOffences recorded by the police per 1,000 residents.
Prisons
- Prison population in England and WalesAverage number of people held in prison each year, since 1900.
- Number of men and women in prison in England and WalesAverage number of men and women held in prison each year.
- Number of people in prison by age in England and WalesNumber of people in prison on 30 June each year, by age.
- Number of sentenced prisoners by offence in England and WalesNumber of people serving a prison sentence on 30 June each year, by the main offence they were sentenced for.
- Prison population by type of custody and sentence length in England and WalesNumber of people in prison on 30 June each year, by whether they are on remand, serving a sentence, or recalled.
- Prison population and capacity in England and WalesNumber of people in prison each month, compared with the number of places prisons can safely hold and with uncrowded capacity.
- Share of prisoners held in crowded cells in England and WalesShare of prisoners held in a cell with more people than it was designed for, on average across the year.
- Imprisonment rate in England and Wales, Scotland and Northern IrelandAverage number of people in prison per 100,000 people.
- Imprisonment rates in the UK and other countriesNumber of people in prison, including people on remand, per 100,000 people.
- Average length of prison sentences in England and Wales, by offenceAverage length of immediate custodial sentences given by the courts, in months. Excludes life and other indeterminate sentences.
- Share of their sentence that people released from prison have servedAverage time served in custody as a share of the average sentence, for people released from fixed-length sentences in England and Wales.
- Cost per prisoner and per prison place in England and WalesAnnual cost of public sector prisons per prisoner and per place. Adjusted for inflation, in 2024/25 prices.
- Public spending on prisons in the UKGovernment spending on prisons each year. Adjusted for inflation, in 2025/26 prices.